What is meant by intermediaries are those who buy and sell these items and have them, they are engaged in trade and retailers.
a. Wholesalers
The term big traders is only used on intermediaries tied to large trading activities and usually do not serve retail sale to the end consumer. The defi nition of large traders are as follows.
Wholesalers is a business unit that buys and resells goods to retailers and other merchants or to the user industries, consumer agencies and commercial users that do not sell in the same volume to the end consumer. Some wholesalers include:
a. Wholesale (Wholesaler)
Wholesale is the person / entrepreneur who opened the trading business by buying and reselling of merchandise to retailers, wholesalers eat it, industrial companies, government agencies / private, and so on. Number of traded goods is relatively large. The wholesalers are not selling at retail. It basically makes wholesale including types of wholesalers.
1. Breakdown by type of goods traded
a) Wholesale general merchandise ( the general line wholesaler ), ie wholesalers or distributors who have different kinds of goods (all kinds of products).
For example wholesale merchandise X has the form:
cosmetics, soaps, beverages, snacks, canned foods, sauces, ketchup, toothpaste, toothbrushes, and so on.
b) Wholesale special items ( the specialty wholesaler ), namely wholesaler or distributor that sells only special items only.
For example: special cigarettes wholesale, special wholesale drugs, wholesale special writing instrument, and so on.
2. Breakdown by area of its business
a) Local Wholesale ( the local wholesaler ), ie the business area's comprehensive wholesale only covers a certain city. For example, for municipal, county and residency.
b) Wholesale region or province ( the regional wholesaler ), ie wholesalers who has extensive marketing area for the entire region within a province or state.
c) National Wholesale ( the national wholesaler ), ie wholesalers who have extensive marketing area for the entire region within a country.
3. Breakdown by field activities
a) Wholesale collector ( the whole collector ), which is a wholesaler which acts as a collector of certain goods for itself or for another party orders. Merchandise collected by this kind usually wholesale goods such as agricultural products, handicrafts and cottage industry products (home industry).
b) Wholesale full ( the service wholesaler ), ie wholesalers whose operations are pure and filled up buying and selling is commonly done by a wholesaler.
c) limited Wholesale ( the limited fuction wholesaler ), ie wholesalers who only runs most services than it should be done by the wholesaler in full.
- Wholesale cash ( cash carry wholesaler ), is carrying out wholesale sales of merchandise in cash and does not provide services to deliver the goods purchased by pelanggannnya. - Wholesale lorry ( truck wholesaler / jobber truck / wagon jobber ), is a wholesaler that sells merchandise by providing goods delivery services. Wholesale this kind usually is a wholesaler who sent regularly merchandise ( continue / routine ) to supermarkets, department stores, restaurants, cafeterias, hotels, hospitals and so on.
- shipping Wholesale ( drop shipment wholesaler / drop shipper ), is a wholesaler which is conducting the sale of goods with the delivery of goods is done directly by the manufacturer to the buyer. The role of the sender only regulates wholesale purchase and order the manufacturer to send the goods to the buyer.
- Wholesale Factory ( manufacturing wholesaler ), also called factory distributor ( industrial distributors ) is a wholesaler or distributor who sells his wares to become a supplier of industrial use (pabrikpabrik). - Wholesale orders by mail ( mail order wholesaler ), this wholesale merchandise sales activities by way of orders through the postal service.
On the wholesale side, the other major types of traders are:
1. Broker
Realtor is a person / businessman / merchant conducting business as a major trading on behalf of the seller and the buyer with limited authority. The broker does not have title to the goods. He (they) only as representatives to close the sale and purchase agreement and awarded him compensation for services (percentage of wages) called kurtase ( COURTAGE ).
A realtor should be responsible for losses due to mistakes. Realtor task is:
- Organize the books or diaries of the act or its efforts.
- Deliver copies of the letters to the judge / court when required.
- Storing samples in terms of buying and selling goods with an example, to the delivery of goods sold or bought.
- Deliver notes and letters of proof to the parties concerned.
- Performs duties and obligations with good, honest and full of a sense of responsibility.
- Acting as a fair separator in any disputes between buyers and sellers.
A broker is a middleman who opened his business in the field of intermediary permission from local businessmen on behalf of the president. A broker before opening the first attempt was sworn in before a judge. The contents of the oath expressed willingness to do the job as well as possible, honest and responsible. Usually before the head of the region set a realtor first obtaining advice from a trade association (Chamber of Commerce) concerning local knowledge in the field of kemakelaran.
Various jobs realtor
a. Appointment of a realtor there are common, ie for all kinds of springs companies (not limited to one area only).
b. There is also an in aktanya determined the type of business. Because the law trademark law does not distinguish the type of business, then a broker can be free to run their business better for moving objects and fixed objects.
2. Commissioner (factor commision agent).
Commissioner is the person / businessmen / traders who do purchase agreement in its own name for a particular party who ordered ( principal ) to obtain a percentage of fee-called commission / provision or factorage .
In efforts commission acting on its own, and therefore not obliged to notify his committee, to whom conduct of trade relations. The important thing is he responsible for the wares.
A commissioner in the process of his appointment as commissioner contrast with realtor who should be appointed and sworn in by the court. Commissioner sworn not need and do not need a letter of appointment of officials. He as indirect representative of the parties concerned, it can act on its own, but he took the financial risk.
Rights commissioner is right based on agreement dekomitmen.
On the right amount of commission is not the same, especially for intermediaries on the insurance company. But generally determined by the percent (%):
- X (%) of the gross provenue , namely the price of goods / premiums after plus the costs incurred if asked to principal / employer.
- X (%) Net provenue, namely the price of the goods plus expenses not yet incurred. In this case the commissioner sell for komiten.
- Provisions based on merit or propriety only.
- Calculations are generally in a particular company.
Del creder is a special agreement between the commissioner with komiten about special commission outside the usual commission accepted the commissioner. This special commission agreements usually as a reward for his efforts, which according to a particular company is very appropriately given, for example, he can surpass the target gets even ranking. Thus, the authorizing feel a big profit on its business so that it gives additional (bonus).
Mentioned in the legislation of the magnitude of the responsibilities of a commissioner, for the law gives privileges (bonuses), such as the right of retention and right of privilege .
Retention rights commissioner is right to hold goods until their rights komiten paid by komiten, such as has not paid commissions or fees on time commissioners carry out their work for the benefit of komiten. Medium privilege rights are a prerogative of the commissioners to cut the right (commissions and fees, etc.) to be paid, including cash advance (voorshat), advertising costs and charges that are running. If the specified time has not been paid, the commissioner has the right to sell the property of komiten, or detained or pledged as security for the payment of rights commissioner.
The agreement between the donor (commitment) with the commissioner (the power) is a reciprocal agreement. If the power died when his business is not done, then the holder of the beneficiaries commissioner (authorized) immediately inform the donor (commitment) to take further action. If it turns out the commissioner default, causing the loss, it can be charged with paying compensation to the donor. If the donor dies, the commissioner just finish it well. If the completion of the work, it can be charged with negligent commission compensation.
Things that cause harm one can take the case to face a judge. There are similarities and differences between commissioners with a realtor, namely:
The equation is:
• As middlemen.
• Acting on orders of others.
• Getting the right provision / commissions.
The different is:
b. Agent
In the world of enterprise, trade agents as intermediaries is helpful to promote the business. In general, an agent or intermediary that connects between producers and traders, merchants with merchants and traders with consumers.
Trade intermediary is a third party who daily perform legal activities, which comes to buying and selling on its own behalf or on behalf of others. Agent or intermediary is a person's consent to authorize others
accept for conducting a business from those who send him. According to the intermediary status can be divided into two (2) types, as an intermediary / agent trade position as the representatives of employers and trade intermediaries that stand alone.
1) Broker / dealer trade as representatives of employers, the duties and functions as a subordinate, has a permanent employment relationship with the employer, partly responsible for advancing the company by offering goods production companies in which it has a fixed relationship to the consumer. Usually the obligations undertaken under the agreement previously agreed work. For example, employees, shareholders
Prokursi.
2) Broker / dealer trade stand-alone, ie intermediaries / agents who open a business of his own free that is not tied to one businessman told him. For example, the broker, forwarder and commissioners.
intermediary Agent
Intermediary agent ( agent middleman ) is distinguished by a broker because it does not have ownership of all goods handled. By C. Glenn Walters, the agent is defi ned as follows.
Basically, intermediary agents can be classified into two categories, namely:
- Agent support ( facilitating agent ).
- Agent complements ( supplemental agent )
1. Supporting Agent
Agent is an agent specializing supporting activities in some aspects of the transfer of goods and services.
They are divided into several categories, namely:
a) Agent transporting bulk ( bulk transportation agent ).
b) Agent storage ( storage agent )
c) special haulage Agent ( specialty shipper )
d) The agent of purchase and sale ( purchase and sales agent )
Activities supporting agency is helping to move things in a way that make contact directly with buyers and sellers.
So, this support agency serving the needs of each group simultaneously. In practice this kind of agent can be done alone by the consignee. For example, the postage for the delivery of a number of items can be borne by the sender or buyer. Therefore, such an agent can do or leased by the manufacturer for the purpose of sale of goods, or they can be hired by the buyer for the purchase of goods.
2. Agent complementary
Agent complementary function to implement additional services in the distribution of goods with the aim of improving their deficiencies. When the merchant or other institutions can not perform activities related to the provision of goods, then the agent can take its complement. Services that can be done such as:
• guidance services / consulting,
• fi nancial services,
• Information,
• other special services.
Based on the types of services that they offer the complementary agents can be classified into:
a) Agents which assist in keuagan, such as banks.
b) Agents which assist in helping decision, such as advertising agencies, research institutes, doctors and so on.
c) Agents which assist in the provision of information, such as: television, radio, newspapers, and so on.
d). Special agents are not included in the third class in advance.
Both kinds of intermediaries (agents and traders) are equally important in marketing. Please note here, that the agency can hire other agents. For example: an advertisement agency can use the radio and television as a medium of advertisement for the company, as well as in terms of transportation, freight companies can hire transport equipment to other companies.
b. Retailer (Retailer)
Small trade includes all activities directly related to the sale of goods and services to final consumers for personal use (not for business purposes). However, do not rule out a sales
directly with industrial users because not all industrial goods are always bought in bulk. By defi nitive can be said that:
Reseller / Retailer / Shop retailer is an institution conducting business selling goods to final consumers for personal use (non-business).
The retail trade function is important because it is the last intermediary associated with the consumer so as to have an enormous influence on the smooth sales up in places that are remote place.
With the retail trader is indirectly a service to consumers, because consumers can buy in small amounts according to the needs and capabilities, in a close and at a reasonable price as well. Retailers (retailers) can be classed / classified as follows.
a. Small retail traders
Kcil retail traders are traders who in the activities organized retail trade in a fixed or not fixed.
1. Traders who have a small retail fixed place , is the traders who open a kiosk, depot, stalls, small shops or markets.
a) Newsstand (kiosk) is a small business that sells merchandise at retail, which is kind of goods only one or a few kinds. "Jongko" can also diklasifi ed as a kiosk.
Example - stall: petrol kiosks, flower stalls, kiosks smoking, and others - stall: vegetable stall, stall food, drinks, and others.
b) Depot is a place of business to market their goods / services to other traders or final consumers.
Example: depot ice cubes, whole milk depot, depot arts, and others.
c) Warung is a small retail trade enterprises that place close to the consumer settlement. The merchandise it sells diverse which usually corresponds to the needs of domestic consumers.
Example: stalls that are near your residence.
d) The small shop is a commercial enterprise whose scale is greater than the stall. The type of goods merchantability there are more (complete) than the stalls, there are also incomplete.
Example: a small convenience store, grocery store, hardware store, auto parts stores, pastry shops, and so on. Place a small shop is usually located, there are close to residential areas and others in the city center.
e) The market is a trading business of small retail traders who each occupy a stall, stall, or kiosk available in the market. The type of goods being traded are very diverse, ranging from the needs of the kitchen (condiments, and food), grocery items, vegetables, cakes, salted fish, meat, fresh fish (fresh and marine) to clothes and others.
2. small retail traders do not have a fixed place, is the traders who conduct trading activities in a way to move. among others are:
a) traders around
1) The use of cars, motorcycles, bicycles and wheel slide, ice cream vendors, merchants bread, bread merchants hot dogs and hamburgers, herbal traders, butchers, fishmongers, greengrocers, and others.
2) using a bear; greengrocer, fruiterer, furniture traders, merchants crackers, and others.
3) The use tray / bowl / box and others; or often called hawkers, such as; small food vendors, merchants candy, cigarette vendors, and others.
4) traders or salesmen who sell door to door (to the homes of consumers from door to door).
b) Street vendors
Hawkers, namely retailers who conduct trading activities in the doorway (sidewalk). Now there who use the truck or pick-up at the parking lot near the front of the store or some yag utilize means other than parking in front of the store.
c) Market timed
Timed the market, namely the market opened only on certain waktuwaktu, such as:
1) The night market (open only at night, using a specific courtyard, yard, field or road accidentally closed).
2) Market once a month or market shock, the market there is only once a month or certain times, such as in the market where people take a salary retirees, markets where there is a big party, bazaar, and so on. The traders in the markets are generally composed of a wide variety of vendors, some are even permanent job not traders but at the moment there is a market or a bazaar like that they come to trade.
3) The bazaar (once a year). Are often held women's organizations, youth, and others.
b. Major retailers
The retailers in general are big businessmen / traders cashed relatively large, has a large fixed base and are located in places strstegis. Types of traded goods can be only one kind or several kinds of goods that amounts to a relatively large supply.
Strategic places that used to open a trading business can be located in the city center as well as in areas adjacent to the residence of consumers are considered as potential buyers.
Both small retailers and large retail traders solely intended to serve directly the needs of consumers who purchase goods at retail. The size of the retail trader is determined by the amount of the capital, the vast area, and ample supplies of merchandise.